How does swainsonine induce oxidative stress in mice?

Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to detoxify them. It is often associated with inflammation and can exacerbate tissue damage and disease progression.

From: "Increased intestinal permeability and lipopolysaccharide contribute to swainsonine-induced systemic inflammation", Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 284, 1 October 2024, 116912

Swainsonine induces oxidative stress in mice by increasing the levels of oxidative stress markers such as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The elevated levels of these markers indicate that the antioxidant system is disrupted in swainsonine-treated mice, leading to increased oxidative stress. This oxidative stress, combined with elevated inflammatory cytokines, contributes to the overall systemic inflammation observed in the study.