How does raloxifene function as an anticancer agent in breast cancer treatment?

Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that acts as an agonist at specific target sites such as bone and lipid metabolism, while it is an antagonist for breast and endometrium. It has been reported to play a preventive role in breast cancer by inhibiting estrogen-dependent signaling and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Raloxifene functions as an anticancer agent in breast cancer by binding to estrogen receptors, inhibiting estrogen-dependent signaling pathways, and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It also modulates pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression, affects mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibits angiogenesis-related pathways.