How is nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) typically synthesized in biological systems?

Label:chem

Topic
The natural biosynthesis of NMN primarily occurs through two major pathways: the Preiss–Handler pathway and the salvage pathway. In the Preiss–Handler pathway, nicotinic acid (NA) is converted to NMN by nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT). The salvage pathway utilizes nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) to synthesize NMN.

From: "Novel Biosynthetic Pathway for Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Production from Cytidine in Escherichia coli", Catalysts 2025, 15(9), 816;
Answer
NMN is synthesized through the Preiss–Handler pathway, where nicotinic acid is converted to NMN by NAPRT, and through the salvage pathway, where NAM and NR are used to synthesize NMN. These pathways are tightly regulated and play a critical role in maintaining NAD+ homeostasis.
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