What is the role of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in biofilm formation and its impact on human and animal health?

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common commensal bacterium in the gastrointestinal tract, known for its robust environmental adaptability and diversity. However, certain pathogenic strains, particularly the O157:H7 serotype, can produce Shiga toxins, leading to severe symptoms. These strains acquire multidrug resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer and are particularly concerning due to their biofilm-forming capabilities. Biofilms reduce the penetration rate of antimicrobial agents by more than 80% and effectively evade immune clearance, resulting in persistent infections.

From: "Antibiofilm Inhibitor Ferulic Acid as an Antibacterial Synergist Against Escherichia coli", Biomolecules 2025, 15(9), 1253;

E. coli, especially the O157:H7 serotype, poses a significant threat to human and animal health due to its ability to form biofilms. Biofilms enhance bacterial virulence and reduce antibiotic sensitivity, leading to severe treatment resistance and recurrent infections. The formation of biofilms on medical devices and food processing surfaces can lead to hospital-acquired infections and foodborne illnesses, respectively.