How does Akkermansia muciniphila improve metabolic health beyond direct hormone secretion?

Label:chem

Topic
A. muciniphila is known to strengthen gut-barrier integrity and modulate host immunity, indirectly influencing glycemic control.
Answer
It degrades mucin to generate SCFAs, up-regulates tight-junction proteins (e.g., occludin via AMPK), reduces LPS translocation and systemic TLR4/NF-κB–driven inflammation, enhances insulin sensitivity, and increases endogenous GLP-1 levels, collectively mitigating insulin resistance and type-2-diabetes progression.
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