Which bioactive components of Akkermansia muciniphila are implicated in GLP-1 induction?

Label:chem

Topic
Besides whole-cell extracts, specific molecules secreted by A. muciniphila have been reported to interact with gut endocrine cells.
Answer
Among others, the secreted protein P9 (binds ICAM-2 on L-cells), outer-membrane protein Amuc_1100, short-chain fatty acids (e.g., propionate via FFAR activation), and extracellular vesicles (AmEVs) have all been shown to stimulate GLP-1 release and improve glucose homeostasis.
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