How does caffeine affect maximal strength (1RM) and muscular power differently in bench press vs. back squat?

Label:chem

Topic
Caffeine’s ergogenic effects may vary between upper- and lower-body exercises due to differences in muscle mass and neural demands.
Answer
Caffeinated chewing gum improved 1RM in back squat (+5.0%) but not in bench press (p > 0.05). Similarly, muscular power improvements were larger in back squat (effect sizes: d = 0.54–0.86) than bench press (d = 0.25–0.62), suggesting caffeine’s effects are more pronounced in larger muscle groups due to enhanced neural drive.
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