What is the role of dipyrone and its metabolite 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) in the local antihyperalgesic effect, and which receptors are involved in this effect?

Label:chem

Topic
Dipyrone is an analgesic pro-drug used clinically to control moderate pain with high analgesic efficacy and low toxicity. It is hydrolyzed to 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA), which is further metabolized to 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA). Recent studies suggest that the analgesic effect of dipyrone may involve the activation of peripheral cannabinoid CB2 and opioid receptors.

From: "Dipyrone is locally hydrolyzed to 4-methylaminoantipyrine and its antihyperalgesic effect depends on CB2 and kappa-opioid receptors activation", European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 874, 5 May 2020, 173005
Answer
The local antihyperalgesic effect of dipyrone is mediated by its hydrolyzed bioactive form, 4-MAA, and depends on the activation of CB2 and kappa-opioid receptors. This suggests a possible interaction between the cannabinoid and opioid systems in peripheral tissue, which contributes to the analgesic effect of dipyrone.
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