How is the external exposure to dimethylformamide (DMF) reconstructed using the biomarker N-methylcarbamoyl hemoglobin (NMHb)?

Label:chem

Topic
Traditional methods for evaluating health risks in occupational settings often rely on direct measurement and detection of air concentrations of DMF. However, these methods have limitations, and the use of biomarkers can provide a more accurate representation of cumulative exposure. N-methylcarbamoyl hemoglobin (NMHb) is a metabolite formed during the metabolism of DMF in the human body and represents cumulative exposure over the prior 4 months.

From: "Integrated internal and external exposure models for dimethylformamide risk assessment and health risk monetization", Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 291, February 2025, 117890
Answer
The external exposure to DMF is reconstructed using the biomarker concentration of N-methylcarbamoyl hemoglobin (NMHb) through a simplified pharmacokinetic model. The concentration of NMHb in workers' blood samples is measured, and this internal exposure indicator is used to calculate the individual daily intake (DI) of DMF. The DI values are then used to reconstruct the external exposure concentrations, which are subsequently used for risk assessment through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model. This method successfully links internal exposure biomarker concentrations to individual occupational health risk, providing a more accurate and sensitive assessment of DMF exposure.
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