How do ethnicity and skin pigmentation affect vitamin D status and GDM risk?

Label:chem

Topic
Darker skin pigmentation reduces vitamin D synthesis from UV exposure.
Answer
Studies (Nobles et al., 2015; Lau et al., 2011) found that ethnic minorities (e.g., Hispanic, Middle Eastern, African descent) had lower 25(OH)D levels and higher GDM risk, likely due to reduced cutaneous vitamin D synthesis.
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