A: The in vitro release studies showed that zanamivir-loaded SDNE-WDSs exhibited a more controlled release pattern compared to free zanamivir. After 4 hours, the cumulative release of zanamivir from SDNE-WDS1 and SDNE-WDS2 reached 86.1% and 81.6%, respectively, while free zanamivir showed a rapid burst release of approximately 59% within the first 20 minutes.

A: The average droplet sizes of the zanamivir-loaded SDNE-WDSs after self-emulsification were 542.1 ± 36.1 nm for SDNE-WDS1 and 174.4 ± 3.4 nm for SDNE-WDS2.

A: The SDNE-WDSs enhance intestinal permeability by encapsulating zanamivir within their structure, protecting it from degradation, and facilitating its transport across the intestinal membrane. Both formulations (SDNE-WDS1 and SDNE-WDS2) demonstrated effective permeability values (Peff) that were 3.5–5.5-fold higher than those of the low/high permeability boundary marker metoprolol.

A: The primary goal of developing the SDNE-WDS is to enhance the intestinal permeability of zanamivir, thereby improving its oral bioavailability and making it a viable option for oral administration.